ОЦЕНКА ВОЗРАСТА НАЧАЛА ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЖЕНЩИНАМИ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЭКОНОМИКАХ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22394/2304-3369-2021-2-78-89Ключевые слова:
женщины-предприниматели, создание собственных бизнесов, возрастная структура, страны, глобальный мониторинг предпринимательства, функции нормального распределения.Аннотация
Цель. Развитие предпринимательства требует понимания возрастной структуры начинающих предпринимателей в современных странах. Целью исследования являлась оценка начала предпринимательской деятельности в ряде национальных экономик. При этом решались задачи определения основных возрастных групп женщин-предпринимателей, создающих свои бизнесы, установление удельных весов по пяти возрастным группам в общей численности женского населения по странам, оценка средних значений и интервалов изменения пяти показателей. Методы. Исследование основывалось на использовании статистических и экономических методов, моделировании эмпирических данных, компаративного анализа, а также систематизации и структуризации информации. Исходными данными являлись материалы проекта глобального мониторинга предпринимательства по 59 странам. Оценка распределения по всем этим странам значений удельных весов начинающих женщин-предпринимателей осуществлялась на основе построения пяти экономико-математических моделей, которые представляли собой функции плотности нормального распределения. Результаты. В процессе вычислительного эксперимента устанавливались средние значения рассматриваемых показателей. Было доказано, что женщины-предприниматели предпочитают создавать свои бизнесы в возрасте от 25 до 44 лет. Существенное снижение доли начинающих женщин-предпринимателей отмечается в предпенсионном возрасте. Было показано, что в 2018 году имели место существенные различия в значениях пяти рассматриваемых показателях по странам. Выявлены страны, для которых были характерны максимальные и минимальные значения показателей. Проведен сравнительный анализ значений показателей по России и зарубежным странам. Научная новизна. Получены новые знания о возрастной структуре женщин-предпринимателей, начинающих свои бизнесы в современных экономиках. Проведен компаративный межстрановый анализ начала предпринимательской деятельности женщинами.
Библиографические ссылки
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11. Bergmann H., Sternberg R. (2007). The Changing Face of Entrepreneurship in Germany, Small Business Economics, no. 28, pp. 205–221.
12. Zhang T., Acs Z.J. (2018). Age and entrepreneurship: nuances from entrepreneur types and generation effects, Small Business Economics, no. 51 (4), pp. 773–809.
13. Content J., Bosma N., Jordaan J., Sanders M. (2019). Entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurial activity and economic growth: new evidence from
European regions, Regional Studies, no. 54 (8), pp. 1–13.
14. Fritsch M., Obschonka M., Wyrwich M., Gosling S.D., Rentfrow P., Potter J. (2018). Regional differences of people with an entrepreneurial personality structure in Germany – An overview, Raumforschung und Raumordnung Spatial Research and Planning, no. 7 (1), pp. 1–35.
15. Ebert T., Götz F.M., Obschonka M., Zmigrod L., Rentfrow P.J. (2019). Regional variation in courage and entrepreneurship: The contrasting role of courage for the emergence and survival of start‐ups in the United States, Journal of Personality, no. 87 (5), pp. 1–52.
16. Ughetto E., Rossi M., Audretsch D.B., Lehmann E. (2020). Female entrepreneurship in the digital era, Small Business Economics, no. 55 (2), pp. 305–312.
17. Grosser K., Moon J. (2019). CSR and feminist organization studies: towards an integrated theorization for the analysis of gender issues, Journal of Business Ethics, no. 155 (2), pp. 321–342.
18. Sperber S., Linder C. (2018). Gender-specifics in startup strategies and the role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, Small Business Economics, no. 53 (4), pp. 1–14.
19. Brieger S., Francoeur C., Welzel C., BenAmar W. (2019). Empowering Women: The Role of Emancipative Forces in Board Gender Diversity, Journal of Business Ethics, no. 155, pp. 495–511.
20. Yunis M., Hashim H., Anderson A. (2019). Enablers and Constraints of Female Entrepreneurship in Khyber Pukhtunkhawa, Pakistan: Institutional and Feminist Perspectives, Sustainability, no. 11 (27), pp. 1–20.
21. Banihani M., Jawad S. (2017). A macronational level analysis of Arab women’s work engagement, European Management Review, no. 14, pp. 133–142.
22. Ahl H., Marlow S. (2012). Exploring the dynamics of gender, feminism and entrepreneurship: Advancing debate to escape a dead end? Organization, no. 19, pp. 543–562.
23. Pettersson K., Ahl H., Berglund K., Tillmar M. (2017). In the name of women? Feminist readings of policies for women’s entrepreneurship in Scandinavia, Scandinavian Journal of Management, no. 33, pp. 50–63.
24. Zhao H., O’Connor G., Wu J., Lumpkin G.T.(2021). Age and entrepreneurial career success: A review and a meta-analysis, Journal of Business Venturing, no. 36 (1), pp. 1–21.
25. Pinkovetskaia I., Slepova V. (2018). Estimation of Fixed Capital Investment in SMEs: the Existing Differentiation in the Russian Federation, Business Systems Research, no. 9 (1), pp. 65–78.
26. Soto-Simeone A., Kautonen T. (2020). Senior entrepreneurship following unemployment: a social identity perspective, Review of Managerial Science, May 21, pp. 1–46.
REFERENCES
1. Decker R., Haltiwanger J., Jarmin R., Miranda J. (2014). The Role of Entrepreneurship in US Job Creation and Economic Dynamism, Journal of Economic Perspectives, no. 28 (3), pp. 3–24.
2. Simon-Moya V., Revuelto-Taboada L., RibeiroSoriano D. (2016). Influence of economic crisis on new SME survival: reality or fiction? Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, no. 28 (1-2), pp. 157–176.
3. Gielnik M.M., Zacher H., Wang M. (2018). Age in the entrepreneurial process: The role of future time perspective and prior entrepreneurial experience, Journal of Applied Psychology, no. 103 (10), pp. 1067–1085.
4. Kautonen T., Down S., Minniti M. (2014). Ageing and entrepreneurial preferences, Small Business Economics, no. 42 (3), pp. 579–594.
5. Obschonka M., Hakkarainen K., Lonka K., Salmela-Aro K. (2017). Entrepreneurship as a twentyfirst century skill: entrepreneurial alertness and intention in the transition to adulthood, Small Business Economics, no. 48 (3), pp. 487–501.
6. Raposo M., do Paço A., Ferreira J. (2008). Entrepreneur’s profile: a taxonomy of attributes and motivations of university students, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, no. 15 (2), pp. 405–418.
7. Azoulay P., Jones B., Kim J.D., Miranda J. Age and High-Growth Entrepreneurship, NBER Working Paper, no. 24489. April 2018. URL: https://www.nber.org/papers/w24489.pdf (accessed: 22.12.2020).
8. Pinkovetskaia I., Nuretdinova Y., Navasardyan A. (2020). Entrepreneurship in the third age: data from Russia, Amazonia Investiga, no. 9 (27), pp. 165–172.
9. Parker S. (2018). The Economics of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 896 p.
10. Karadeniz E., Ozfam A. (2009). Entrepreneurship in Turkey and Developing countries’, a comparison of Activities, Characteristics, Motivation and Environment for Entrepreneurship, MIBES Transactions, no. 3 (1), pp. 30–45.
11. Bergmann H., Sternberg R. (2007). The Changing Face of Entrepreneurship in Germany, Small Business Economics, no. 28, pp. 205–221.
12. Zhang T., Acs Z.J. (2018). Age and entrepreneurship: nuances from entrepreneur types and generation effects, Small Business Economics, no. 51 (4), pp. 773–809.
13. Content J., Bosma N., Jordaan J., Sanders M. (2019). Entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurial activity and economic growth: new evidence from European regions, Regional Studies, no. 54 (8), pp. 1–13.
14. Fritsch M., Obschonka M., Wyrwich M., Gosling S.D., Rentfrow P., Potter J. (2018). Regional differences of people with an entrepreneurial personality structure in Germany – An overview, Raumforschung und Raumordnung Spatial Research and Planning, no. 7 (1), pp. 1–35.
15. Ebert T., Götz F.M., Obschonka M., Zmigrod L., Rentfrow P.J. (2019). Regional variation in courage and entrepreneurship: The contrasting role of courage for the emergence and survival of start‐ups in the United States, Journal of Personality, no. 87 (5), pp. 1–52.
16. Ughetto E., Rossi M., Audretsch D.B., Lehmann E. (2020). Female entrepreneurship in
the digital era, Small Business Economics, no. 55 (2), pp. 305–312.
17. Grosser K., Moon J. (2019). CSR and feminist organization studies: towards an integrated theorization for the analysis of gender issues, Journal of Business Ethics, no. 155 (2), pp. 321–342.
18. Sperber S., Linder C. (2018). Gender-specifics in startup strategies and the role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, Small Business Economics, no. 53 (4), pp. 1–14.
19. Brieger S., Francoeur C., Welzel C., BenAmar W. (2019). Empowering Women: The Role of Emancipative Forces in Board Gender Diversity, Journal of Business Ethics, no. 155, pp. 495–511.
20. Yunis M., Hashim H., Anderson A. (2019). Enablers and Constraints of Female Entrepreneurship in Khyber Pukhtunkhawa, Pakistan: Institutional and Feminist Perspectives, Sustainability, no. 11 (27), pp. 1–20.
21. Banihani M., Jawad S. (2017). A macronational level analysis of Arab women’s work engagement, European Management Review, no. 14, pp. 133–142.
22. Ahl H., Marlow S. (2012). Exploring the dynamics of gender, feminism and entrepreneurship: Advancing debate to escape a dead end? Organization, no. 19, pp. 543–562.
23. Pettersson K., Ahl H., Berglund K., Tillmar M. (2017). In the name of women? Feminist readings of policies for women’s entrepreneurship in Scandinavia, Scandinavian Journal of Management, no. 33, pp. 50–63.
24. Zhao H., O’Connor G., Wu J., Lumpkin G.T. (2021). Age and entrepreneurial career success: A review and a meta-analysis, Journal of Business Venturing, no. 36 (1), pp. 1–21.
25. Pinkovetskaia I., Slepova V. (2018). Estimation of Fixed Capital Investment in SMEs: the Existing Differentiation in the Russian Federation, Business Systems Research, no. 9 (1), pp. 65–78.
26. Soto-Simeone A., Kautonen T. (2020). Senior entrepreneurship following unemployment: a social identity perspective, Review of Managerial Science, May 21, pp. 1–46
