ANALYSIS OF THE AGE AT WHICH WOMEN START ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MODERN NATIONAL ECONOMIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22394/2304-3369-2021-2-78-89Keywords:
women-entrepreneurs, set up of business, age structure, countries, Global entrepreneurship monitoring, normal distribution functions.Abstract
Purpose. The development of entrepreneurship requires the information about the age of aspiring entrepreneurs in modern countries. The goal of the study was to analyze the start of entrepreneurial activity in a number of national economies. At the same time, the following tasks were fulfilled: identification of the main age groups of women-entrepreneurs who set up their own businesses; analysis of proportion of female entrepreneurs in five age groups in different countries; and evaluation of the average values and intervals of changes of five indicators. Methods. The research is based on statistical and economic methods, modeling of empirical data and comparative analysis, as well as systematization and structuring of information. The initial data were the materials of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring project for 59 countries. The estimation of the distribution of women-entrepreneurs in these countries was carried out on the basis of the construction of five economic and mathematical models, which were the density functions of the normal distribution. Results. In the course of the computational experiment, the average values of the considered indicators were established. It was proved that women-entrepreneurs prefer to set up their own businesses between the age of 25 and 44. A significant decrease in the number of beginning women-entrepreneurs is observed in the pre-retirement age. It is shown that in 2018 there were significant differences in the values of the five indicators considered by country. The countries that are characterized by the maximum and minimum values of the indicators were identified. A comparative analysis of the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries was carried out. Scientific novelty. New knowledge has been gained about the age of women-entrepreneurs starting their businesses in modern economies. A comparative cross-country analysis of the start of entrepreneurial activity by women was carried out.
References
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18. Sperber S., Linder C. (2018). Gender-specifics in startup strategies and the role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, Small Business Economics, no. 53 (4), pp. 1–14.
19. Brieger S., Francoeur C., Welzel C., BenAmar W. (2019). Empowering Women: The Role of Emancipative Forces in Board Gender Diversity, Journal of Business Ethics, no. 155, pp. 495–511.
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22. Ahl H., Marlow S. (2012). Exploring the dynamics of gender, feminism and entrepreneurship: Advancing debate to escape a dead end? Organization, no. 19, pp. 543–562.
23. Pettersson K., Ahl H., Berglund K., Tillmar M. (2017). In the name of women? Feminist readings of policies for women’s entrepreneurship in Scandinavia, Scandinavian Journal of Management, no. 33, pp. 50–63.
24. Zhao H., O’Connor G., Wu J., Lumpkin G.T.(2021). Age and entrepreneurial career success: A review and a meta-analysis, Journal of Business Venturing, no. 36 (1), pp. 1–21.
25. Pinkovetskaia I., Slepova V. (2018). Estimation of Fixed Capital Investment in SMEs: the Existing Differentiation in the Russian Federation, Business Systems Research, no. 9 (1), pp. 65–78.
26. Soto-Simeone A., Kautonen T. (2020). Senior entrepreneurship following unemployment: a social identity perspective, Review of Managerial Science, May 21, pp. 1–46.
REFERENCES
1. Decker R., Haltiwanger J., Jarmin R., Miranda J. (2014). The Role of Entrepreneurship in US Job Creation and Economic Dynamism, Journal of Economic Perspectives, no. 28 (3), pp. 3–24.
2. Simon-Moya V., Revuelto-Taboada L., RibeiroSoriano D. (2016). Influence of economic crisis on new SME survival: reality or fiction? Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, no. 28 (1-2), pp. 157–176.
3. Gielnik M.M., Zacher H., Wang M. (2018). Age in the entrepreneurial process: The role of future time perspective and prior entrepreneurial experience, Journal of Applied Psychology, no. 103 (10), pp. 1067–1085.
4. Kautonen T., Down S., Minniti M. (2014). Ageing and entrepreneurial preferences, Small Business Economics, no. 42 (3), pp. 579–594.
5. Obschonka M., Hakkarainen K., Lonka K., Salmela-Aro K. (2017). Entrepreneurship as a twentyfirst century skill: entrepreneurial alertness and intention in the transition to adulthood, Small Business Economics, no. 48 (3), pp. 487–501.
6. Raposo M., do Paço A., Ferreira J. (2008). Entrepreneur’s profile: a taxonomy of attributes and motivations of university students, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, no. 15 (2), pp. 405–418.
7. Azoulay P., Jones B., Kim J.D., Miranda J. Age and High-Growth Entrepreneurship, NBER Working Paper, no. 24489. April 2018. URL: https://www.nber.org/papers/w24489.pdf (accessed: 22.12.2020).
8. Pinkovetskaia I., Nuretdinova Y., Navasardyan A. (2020). Entrepreneurship in the third age: data from Russia, Amazonia Investiga, no. 9 (27), pp. 165–172.
9. Parker S. (2018). The Economics of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 896 p.
10. Karadeniz E., Ozfam A. (2009). Entrepreneurship in Turkey and Developing countries’, a comparison of Activities, Characteristics, Motivation and Environment for Entrepreneurship, MIBES Transactions, no. 3 (1), pp. 30–45.
11. Bergmann H., Sternberg R. (2007). The Changing Face of Entrepreneurship in Germany, Small Business Economics, no. 28, pp. 205–221.
12. Zhang T., Acs Z.J. (2018). Age and entrepreneurship: nuances from entrepreneur types and generation effects, Small Business Economics, no. 51 (4), pp. 773–809.
13. Content J., Bosma N., Jordaan J., Sanders M. (2019). Entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurial activity and economic growth: new evidence from European regions, Regional Studies, no. 54 (8), pp. 1–13.
14. Fritsch M., Obschonka M., Wyrwich M., Gosling S.D., Rentfrow P., Potter J. (2018). Regional differences of people with an entrepreneurial personality structure in Germany – An overview, Raumforschung und Raumordnung Spatial Research and Planning, no. 7 (1), pp. 1–35.
15. Ebert T., Götz F.M., Obschonka M., Zmigrod L., Rentfrow P.J. (2019). Regional variation in courage and entrepreneurship: The contrasting role of courage for the emergence and survival of start‐ups in the United States, Journal of Personality, no. 87 (5), pp. 1–52.
16. Ughetto E., Rossi M., Audretsch D.B., Lehmann E. (2020). Female entrepreneurship in
the digital era, Small Business Economics, no. 55 (2), pp. 305–312.
17. Grosser K., Moon J. (2019). CSR and feminist organization studies: towards an integrated theorization for the analysis of gender issues, Journal of Business Ethics, no. 155 (2), pp. 321–342.
18. Sperber S., Linder C. (2018). Gender-specifics in startup strategies and the role of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, Small Business Economics, no. 53 (4), pp. 1–14.
19. Brieger S., Francoeur C., Welzel C., BenAmar W. (2019). Empowering Women: The Role of Emancipative Forces in Board Gender Diversity, Journal of Business Ethics, no. 155, pp. 495–511.
20. Yunis M., Hashim H., Anderson A. (2019). Enablers and Constraints of Female Entrepreneurship in Khyber Pukhtunkhawa, Pakistan: Institutional and Feminist Perspectives, Sustainability, no. 11 (27), pp. 1–20.
21. Banihani M., Jawad S. (2017). A macronational level analysis of Arab women’s work engagement, European Management Review, no. 14, pp. 133–142.
22. Ahl H., Marlow S. (2012). Exploring the dynamics of gender, feminism and entrepreneurship: Advancing debate to escape a dead end? Organization, no. 19, pp. 543–562.
23. Pettersson K., Ahl H., Berglund K., Tillmar M. (2017). In the name of women? Feminist readings of policies for women’s entrepreneurship in Scandinavia, Scandinavian Journal of Management, no. 33, pp. 50–63.
24. Zhao H., O’Connor G., Wu J., Lumpkin G.T. (2021). Age and entrepreneurial career success: A review and a meta-analysis, Journal of Business Venturing, no. 36 (1), pp. 1–21.
25. Pinkovetskaia I., Slepova V. (2018). Estimation of Fixed Capital Investment in SMEs: the Existing Differentiation in the Russian Federation, Business Systems Research, no. 9 (1), pp. 65–78.
26. Soto-Simeone A., Kautonen T. (2020). Senior entrepreneurship following unemployment: a social identity perspective, Review of Managerial Science, May 21, pp. 1–46
