ECOSYSTEMS AND NEW COMPETITION: “CHICKEN-AND-EGG” PHENOMENON
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22394/2304-3369-2022-2-34-48Keywords:
ECOSYSTEM, BUSINESS MODEL, PROCESS APPROACH, COMPETITION, NEW COMPETITION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTAbstract
The economy transformation is reflected in the evolution of the business organization forms from hierarchy to ecosystems. This transformation is at the same time associated with changes in the competition terms: price and quality of the products fall by the wayside, while the offer differentiation and customization, the speed of innovation introduction are gaining significance. The most successful in the markets are businesses that can offer a wide range of products and services in one system. Thus, there is a two-sided effect: new competition makes companies fit into (or create) ecosystems, which in turn change markets. The methodological basis of the research is represented by the process and ecosystem approaches in terms of ecosystems functioning analysis, as well as neo-institutional economic theory, economic sociology and management theories in the context of the new competition provisions development. The paper employs the methods of semantic, bibliometric and comparative analysis, formalization and systematization. The result of studying the specific features of market interaction of ecosystems is the justified existence and presented model of new competition. It is considered as reinforcing framework of ecosystems development due to changes in endogenous factors and increased innovation rate. The key conditions for the competitiveness of a business are embeddedness in an ecosystem (in certain cases - their own ecosystems creation); the ability to use collective knowledge to generate innovations and shape new trends; continuous self-development process; a combination of material and digital elements of the business model and a specific organizational culture. The model of new competition can underpin further theoretical and applied research in the field of studying the ecosystems evolution, especially in terms of combining material and digital technologies.
References
1. Blew R. D. (1996). On the Definition of Ecosystem, Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 171-173. Blew R. D. (1996). On the Definition of Ecosystem, Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 171-173.
2. Valdez J. (1998). The entrepreneurial ecosystem: toward a theory of new business formation. Proceedings of the Small Business Institute Director's Association. San Antonio: University of Texas. 102 p. Valdez J. (1998). The entrepreneurial ecosystem: toward a theory of new business formation. Proceedings of the Small Business Institute Director's Association. San Antonio: University of Texas. 102 p.
3. Moore J.F. (1998). The Rise of a New Corporate Form Washington Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 1, рр. 167-181. Moore J.F. (1998). The Rise of a New Corporate Form Washington Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 1, рр. 167-181.
4. Аdner R. (2006). Match your innovation strategy to your innovation ecosystem, Harvard Business Review, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 98-107. Аdner R. (2006). Match your innovation strategy to your innovation ecosystem, Harvard Business Review, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 98-107.
5. Carayannis E.G., Campbell D.F. (2009). "Mode 3" and "Quadruple Helix": toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem, International Journal of Technology Management, vol. 46, no. 3-4, pp. 201-234. Carayannis E.G., Campbell D.F. (2009). "Mode 3" and "Quadruple Helix": toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem, International Journal of Technology Management, vol. 46, no. 3-4, pp. 201-234.
6. Ron A., Kapoor R. (2010). Value creation in innovation ecosystems: how the structure of technological interdependence affects firm performance in new technology generations, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 306-333. Ron A., Kapoor R. (2010). Value creation in innovation ecosystems: how the structure of technological interdependence affects firm performance in new technology generations, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 306-333.
7. Isenberg D.J. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution, Harvard Business Review, vol. 88, рp. 40-50. Isenberg D.J. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution, Harvard Business Review, vol. 88, рp. 40-50.
8. Jackson D.J. (2011). What is an innovation ecosystem National Science Foundation. Arlington, VA. 12 р. Jackson D.J. (2011). What is an innovation ecosystem National Science Foundation. Arlington, VA. 12 р.
9. Russell M.G., Still K., Huhtamäki J., Yu C., Rubens N. (2011). Transforming Innovation Ecosystems through Shared Vision and Network Orchestration Proceedings of Triple Helix IX Conference. Stanford University. 22 р. Russell M.G., Still K., Huhtamäki J., Yu C., Rubens N. (2011). Transforming Innovation Ecosystems through Shared Vision and Network Orchestration Proceedings of Triple Helix IX Conference. Stanford University. 22 р.
10. Hwang V.W., Horowitt G. (2012). The Rainforest: The Secret to Building the Next Silicon Valley. Regenwald, Los Altos Hills, CA, USA. 304 р. Hwang V.W., Horowitt G. (2012). The Rainforest: The Secret to Building the Next Silicon Valley. Regenwald, Los Altos Hills, CA, USA. 304 р.
11. Autio E., Thomas L.D.W. (2014). Innovation ecosystems: implications for innovation management? In: Dodgson M., Gann D., Phillips N. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Innovation Management. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pp. 204-288. Autio E., Thomas L.D.W. (2014). Innovation ecosystems: implications for innovation management? In: Dodgson M., Gann D., Phillips N. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Innovation Management. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pp. 204-288.
12. Gobble M.M. (2014). Charting the innovation ecosystem, Research Technology Management, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 55-57. Gobble M.M. (2014). Charting the innovation ecosystem, Research Technology Management, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 55-57.
13. Gawer A. (2014). Bridging differing perspectives on technological platforms: toward an integrative framework, Research Policy, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 1239-1249. Gawer A. (2014). Bridging differing perspectives on technological platforms: toward an integrative framework, Research Policy, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 1239-1249.
14. Still K., Huhtamäki J., Russell M.G., Rubens N. (2014). Insights for orchestrating innovation ecosystems: the case of EIT ICT Labs and data-driven network visualizations', International Journal of Technology Management, vol. 66, no. 2/3, pp. 243-265. Still K., Huhtamäki J., Russell M.G., Rubens N. (2014). Insights for orchestrating innovation ecosystems: the case of EIT ICT Labs and data-driven network visualizations', International Journal of Technology Management, vol. 66, no. 2/3, pp. 243-265.
15. Scozzi B., Bellantuono N., Pontrandolfo P. (2017). Managing open innovation in Urban labs Group, Group Decision and Negotiation, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 857-874. Scozzi B., Bellantuono N., Pontrandolfo P. (2017). Managing open innovation in Urban labs Group, Group Decision and Negotiation, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 857-874.
16. Jacobides M.G., Cennamo C., Gawer A. (2018). Towards a theory of ecosystems, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 39, рр. 2255-2276. Jacobides M.G., Cennamo C., Gawer A. (2018). Towards a theory of ecosystems, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 39, рр. 2255-2276.
17. Crane D. (2019). Ecosystem Competition and the Antitrust Laws, Nebraska Law Review, vol. 98, pp. 412-422. Crane D. (2019). Ecosystem Competition and the Antitrust Laws, Nebraska Law Review, vol. 98, pp. 412-422.
18. Harima J. (2020). Public accelerators in entrepreneurial ecosystems: resource orchestration in the early ecosystem evolution. Springer. Berlin. Springer Gabler. 263 p. Harima J. (2020). Public accelerators in entrepreneurial ecosystems: resource orchestration in the early ecosystem evolution. Springer. Berlin. Springer Gabler. 263 p.
19. Jacobides M.G. (2020). What Drives and Defines Digital Platform Power? A framework, with an illustration of App dynamics in the Apple Ecosystem. White Paper. 57 р. Jacobides M.G. (2020). What Drives and Defines Digital Platform Power? A framework, with an illustration of App dynamics in the Apple Ecosystem. White Paper. 57 р.
20. Baldwin C.Y, Clark K.B. (2000). Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. Vol. 1. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. Baldwin C.Y, Clark K.B. (2000). Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. Vol. 1. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. ▼ Контекст
21. Шумпетер Й. Теория экономического развития. М.: Прогресс, 1982. 455 с. Schumpeter J. (1982). Theory of Economic Development. Moscow: Progress. 455 p.
22. Penrose E.T. (1959). The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: Oxford University Press. 272 р. Penrose E.T. (1959). The theory of the growth of the firm. New York: Oxford University Press. 272 р.
23. Hu H., Hasekamp O., Butz A., Galli A., Landgraf J., Aan de Brugh J., Borsdorff T., Scheepmaker R., Aben I. (2016). The operational methane retrieval algorithm for TROPOMI, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, vol. 9, рр. 5423-5440. EDN: XTZHFP Hu H., Hasekamp O., Butz A., Galli A., Landgraf J., Aan de Brugh J., Borsdorff T., Scheepmaker R., Aben I. (2016). The operational methane retrieval algorithm for TROPOMI, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, vol. 9, рр. 5423-5440. EDN: XTZHFP
24. Gonzalo L., Tejero A., Dévora N., Pau I. (2020). University as a platform: an evolutionary process towards an open educational ecosystem in Europe. DOI: 10.35542/osf.io/nj6bp Gonzalo L., Tejero A., Dévora N., Pau I. (2020). University as a platform: an evolutionary process towards an open educational ecosystem in Europe. DOI: 10.35542/osf.io/nj6bp
25. Matutes C., Regibeau R. (1988). Mix and Match: Product compatibility without network externalities, Rand Journal of Economics, vol. 19, no. 2, р. 221. Matutes C., Regibeau R. (1988). Mix and Match: Product compatibility without network externalities, Rand Journal of Economics, vol. 19, no. 2, р. 221.
26. Hurkens S., Doh-Shin J., Menicucci D. (2019). Dominance and Competitive Bundling, American Economic Journal, vol. 11, no. 3, pр. 1-33. Hurkens S., Doh-Shin J., Menicucci D. (2019). Dominance and Competitive Bundling, American Economic Journal, vol. 11, no. 3, pр. 1-33.
27. Zott C., Amit C., Massa L. (2011). Business Model: Recent Developments and Future Research, Journal of Management, vol. 37, no. 4, рр. 1019-1042. Zott C., Amit C., Massa L. (2011). Business Model: Recent Developments and Future Research, Journal of Management, vol. 37, no. 4, рр. 1019-1042.
28. Petit N. (2020). Big Tech and the Digital Economy: The Moligopoly Scenario. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837701.001.0001 Petit N. (2020). Big Tech and the Digital Economy: The Moligopoly Scenario. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198837701.001.0001
29. Попов Е.В., Симонова В.Л., Челак И.П. Систематизация факторов развития инновационной экосистемы предприятия // Вопросы управления. 2021. № 4 (71). С. 151-165. DOI: 10.22394/2304-3369-2021-4-151-165 EDN: LUBZHB Popov E.V., Simonova V.L., Chelak I.P. (2021). Classification of the factors of an enterprise innovation ecosystem development, Management issues, no. 4 (71), pp. 151-165. DOI: 10.22394/2304-3369-2021-4-151-165 EDN: LUBZHB
30. Jacobides M.G. (2020). What Drives and Defines Digital Platform Power: Understanding Bottlenecks and Gatekeepers - with an Apple/Tinder case study. Evolution Ltd White Paper. P. 13. Jacobides M.G. (2020). What Drives and Defines Digital Platform Power: Understanding Bottlenecks and Gatekeepers - with an Apple/Tinder case study. Evolution Ltd White Paper. P. 13.
31. Gundlach G.T. (2006). Complexity Science and Antitrust? The Antitrust Bulletin, vol. 51, no. 1, рр. 17-30. DOI: 10.1177/0003603X0605100102 Gundlach G.T. (2006). Complexity Science and Antitrust? The Antitrust Bulletin, vol. 51, no. 1, рр. 17-30. DOI: 10.1177/0003603X0605100102
32. Орехова С.В. Технологические платформы и новая промышленная политика в России // Journal of Economic Regulation. 2017. Т. 8. № 4. С. 6-12. EDN: YMLHOC Orekhova S.V. (2017). Technological platforms and new industrial policy in Russia, Journal of Economic Regulation, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 6-12. EDN: YMLHOC
33. Гелисханов И.З., Юдина Т.Н., Бабкин А.В. Цифровые платформы в экономике: сущность, модели, тенденции развития // Научно-технические ведомости СПбГПУ. Экономические науки. 2018. Т. 11. № 6. С. 22-36. DOI: 10.18721/JE.11602 EDN: YUKCIH Geliskhanov I.Z., Yudina T.N., Babkin A.V. (2018). Digital platforms in the economy: essence, models, development trends, Scientific and technical statements of St. Petersburg State University. Economic sciences, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 22-36. DOI: 10.18721/JE.11602 EDN: YUKCIH
34. Stahl B.C. (2022). Responsible innovation ecosystems: Ethical implications of the application of the ecosystem concept to artificial intelligence, International Journal of Information Management, vol. 62, pp. 102-441. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102441 EDN: OVHWCA Stahl B.C. (2022). Responsible innovation ecosystems: Ethical implications of the application of the ecosystem concept to artificial intelligence, International Journal of Information Management, vol. 62, pp. 102-441. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102441 EDN: OVHWCA
35. Blok V., Hoffmans L., Wubben E. F. M. (2015). Stakeholder engagement for responsible innovation in the private sector: critical issues and management practices, Journal on Chain and Network Science, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 147-164. DOI: 10.3920/JCNS2015.x003 Blok V., Hoffmans L., Wubben E. F. M. (2015). Stakeholder engagement for responsible innovation in the private sector: critical issues and management practices, Journal on Chain and Network Science, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 147-164. DOI: 10.3920/JCNS2015.x003
36. Granstrand O., Holgersson M. (2020). Innovation ecosystems: a conceptual review and a new definition, Technovation, 90-91, Art. 102098. DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2019.102098 EDN: CMRBKH Granstrand O., Holgersson M. (2020). Innovation ecosystems: a conceptual review and a new definition, Technovation, 90-91, Art. 102098. DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2019.102098 EDN: CMRBKH
37. Senyo P. K., Liu K., Effah J. (2019). Digital business ecosystem: Literature review and a framework for future research, International Journal of Information Management, vol. 47, no. 52-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.002 Senyo P. K., Liu K., Effah J. (2019). Digital business ecosystem: Literature review and a framework for future research, International Journal of Information Management, vol. 47, no. 52-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.002
38. Орехова С.В., Мисюра А.В., Кислицын Е.В. Управление возрастающей отдачей высокотехнологичной бизнес-модели в промышленности: классические и экосистемные эффекты // Управленец. 2020. Т. 11. № 4. С. 43-58. DOI: 10.29141/2218-5003-2020-11-4-4 EDN: WMTNBG Orekhova S.V., Misyura A.V., Kislitsyn E.V. (2020). Managing the increasing returns of a high-tech business model in industry: Classic and ecosystem effects, Upravlenets - The Manager, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 43-58. DOI: 10.29141/2218-5003-2020-11-4-4 EDN: WMTNBG
39. Trabskaja J., Mets T. (2019). Ecosystem as the Source of Entrepreneurial Opportunities, Foresight and STI Governance, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 10-22. DOI: 10.17323/2500-2597.2019.4.10.22 EDN: WVVCKJ Trabskaja J., Mets T. (2019). Ecosystem as the Source of Entrepreneurial Opportunities, Foresight and STI Governance, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 10-22. DOI: 10.17323/2500-2597.2019.4.10.22 EDN: WVVCKJ
40. Мизес Л. Фон. Человеческая деятельность: трактат по экономической теории. М.: Экономика, 2000. 875 с. Mizes L. Fon. (2000). Human activity: Treatise on economic theory. Moscow: Economika. 875 p.
41. Уэрта де Сото Х. Австрийская экономическая школа: рынок и предпринимательская деятельность. Челябинск: Социум, 2009. 202 с. Werta de Soto H. (2009). Austrian Economic School: Market and Business Activities. Chelyabinsk: Socium. 202 p. т
42. Шаститко А.Е. Конкуренция и антимонопольная политика в неоавстрийской теории // Экономическая политика. 2008. № 2. С. 106-126. EDN: KYANAR Shastitko A.E. (2008). Competition and antitrust policy in neoavustian theory, Economic policy, no. 2, pp. 106-126. EDN: KYANAR
43. Маркс К. Экономические рукописи. М.: Политиздат, 1980. 619 с. Marx K. Economic manuscripts. Moscow: Politizdat, 1980. 619 p.
44. Нельсон Р.Р., Уинтер С. Дж. Эволюционная теория экономических изменений. Россия. Центр эволюц. экономики. Москва: Финстатинформ, 2000. 472 с. Nelson R.R., Winter S.J. (2000). Evolutionary theory of economic changes. Russia. Center for Evolutionary Economics. Moscow: Finstatinform. 472 p.
45. Бест М. Новая конкуренция. Институты промышленного развития. М.: ТЕИС, 2002. 366 с. Best M. (2002). New Competition. Institutes of Industrial Development. Moscow: TEIS. 366 p.
46. Burney J.B. (1991). Firm recourses and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 99-120. EDN: YBVKYV Burney J.B. (1991). Firm recourses and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 99-120. EDN: YBVKYV
47. Teece D.J., Pisano G.P., Shuen A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management, Strategic Management Journal, no. 18, pp. 509-533. Teece D.J., Pisano G.P., Shuen A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management, Strategic Management Journal, no. 18, pp. 509-533.
48. Стюарт Т.А. Интеллектуальный капитал. Новый источник богатства организации. Москва: Поколение, 2007. 368 с. Stewart T.A. (2007). Intellectual capital. New source of richness of the organization. Moscow: Pokolenie. 368 p.
49. Сергеев А.Л. Интеллектуальный капитал менеджмента. Теория и тенденции в России. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG, 2012. 316 с. EDN: TVQYRK Sergeev A.L. (2012). Intellectual management capital. Theory and trends in Russia. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG. 316 p.
50. Клейнер Г.Б. Интеллектуальная теория фирмы // Вопросы экономики. 2021. № 1. С. 73-97. EDN: VXYNTK Kleiner G.B. (2021). Intellectual theory of the company, Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1, pp. 73-97. EDN: VXYNTK
51. Вайдлих В. Социодинамика: системный подход к математическому моделированию в социальных науках. М.: УРСС, 2004. С. 42-46. Weidlich V. (2004). Socyodynamics: a systematic approach to mathematical modeling in social sciences. Moscow: URSS. Pp. 42-46.
52. Портер М. Конкуренция. М.: Издательский дом "Вильямс", 2003. 496 с. Porter M. (2003). Competition. Moscow: Publishing House "Williams". 496 p.
53. Moore J. F. (1996). The Death of Competition. N. Y.: Harper Business. 384 р.
Moore J. F. (1996). The Death of Competition. N. Y.: Harper Business. 384 р. ▼ Контекст
54. Хамел Г., Прахалад К.К. Конкурируя за будущее. М.: Олимп-бизнес, 2002. 208 с. Hamel G., Prakhalad K.K. (2002). Competing for the future. Moscow: Olympus Business. 208 p.
55. Чан К.В., Моборн Р. Стратегия голубого океана. Как найти или создать рынок, свободный от других игроков. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2017. 336 с. Chan K.V., Moborn R. (2017). Strategy of the Blue Ocean. How to find or create a market free from other players. Moscow: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber. 336 p.
56. Кантер Р.М. Рубежи менеджмента: пер. с англ. М.: Олимп-бизнес, 1999. 360 с. Kanter R.M. (1999). The Frontiers of Management. Moscow: Olympus Business. 360 p.
